Abstract

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as transformative tools in assistive technology, enabling direct communication between the brain and external devices for individuals with severe physical disabilities. By translating neural activity into actionable commands, BCIs bypass damaged neural pathways and restore lost functions, offering new hope for independence and quality of life. This research paper provides a comprehensive overview of BCI design principles, signal acquisition and processing, control paradigms, integration with assistive devices, and recent advances in hybrid and adaptive systems. We analyze the performance, challenges, and future directions of BCI-based assistive technologies, drawing from clinical studies, engineering innovations, and interdisciplinary research.